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Barbecue is a traditional style of preparing beef in the cuisine of Texas(United States) and is one of the many different varieties of barbecue found around the world. Texas barbecue traditions can be divided into four general styles: East Texas, Central Texas, South Texas, and West Texas.[sup][1][/sup]The Central and East Texas varieties are generally the most well-known.[sup][2][/sup] Author Griffin Smith, Jr. in a 1973 Texas Monthlyarticle described the dividing line between the two styles as "a line running from Columbus and Hearne northward between Dallas and Fort Worth".[sup][3][/sup]Additionally, in deep South Texas and along the Rio Grande valley a Mexican style of meat preparation known as barbacoacan be found. The word barbacoain Spanish means barbecue though in English it is often used specifically to refer to Mexican varieties of preparation.
Generally speaking the different Texas barbecue styles are distinguished as follows. In the East Texas style the beef is slowly cooked to the point that it is "falling off the bone", typically over hickory wood, and marinated in a sweet, tomato-based sauce. In the Central Texas style the meat is rubbed with spices and cooked over indirect heat from pecan or oak wood. In the West Texas style the meat is cooked over direct heat from mesquite wood giving it a somewhat bitter taste. The South Texas style features thick, molasses-like sauces that keep the meat very moist.[sup][1][/sup] The barbacoa tradition is somewhat different from all of these. Though beef may be used, goat or sheep meat are common as well (sometimes even the whole animal may be used). In its most traditional form barbacoa is prepared in a hole dug in the ground and covered with maguey leaves.[sup][4][/sup]
Contents
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History[edit]
In the U.S. barbecue traditions are believed to have originated when Caribbean slaves were brought to the Carolinas in the 17th century. Indeed the English word barbecuecame from the Arawak-Carib word barbracot (via the Spanish word barbacoa). This Caribbean style of slow cooking meat formed the basis of the Southern barbecue tradition that influenced Texas when some of its first American settlers arrived.[sup][5][/sup]
European meat smoking traditions were brought by German and Czech settlers in Central Texas during the mid-19th century. The original tradition was that butchers would smoke leftover meat that had not been sold so that it could be stored and saved. As these smoked leftovers became popular among the migrants in the area many of these former meat markets evolved to specialize in these smoked meats.[sup][4][/sup]
The subsequent emancipation of the slaves in 1865 gave birth to the East Texas barbecue tradition, which was largely a product of the African American community.[sup][4][/sup]
Many well-known barbecue establishments in Texas originated as butcher shops.[sup][6][/sup]
In 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson hosted a state dinner featuring barbecue for the Mexican president-elect in Johnson City. It is generally considered the first barbecue state dinner in the history of the United States.[sup][4][/sup]
By 2000, many old-fashioned barbecue smokers in Texas had been replaced by gas-fired ovens due to pollution concerns and due to ease of use.[sup][6][/sup]
Generally speaking the different Texas barbecue styles are distinguished as follows. In the East Texas style the beef is slowly cooked to the point that it is "falling off the bone", typically over hickory wood, and marinated in a sweet, tomato-based sauce. In the Central Texas style the meat is rubbed with spices and cooked over indirect heat from pecan or oak wood. In the West Texas style the meat is cooked over direct heat from mesquite wood giving it a somewhat bitter taste. The South Texas style features thick, molasses-like sauces that keep the meat very moist.[sup][1][/sup] The barbacoa tradition is somewhat different from all of these. Though beef may be used, goat or sheep meat are common as well (sometimes even the whole animal may be used). In its most traditional form barbacoa is prepared in a hole dug in the ground and covered with maguey leaves.[sup][4][/sup]
Contents
[hide]
History[edit]
In the U.S. barbecue traditions are believed to have originated when Caribbean slaves were brought to the Carolinas in the 17th century. Indeed the English word barbecuecame from the Arawak-Carib word barbracot (via the Spanish word barbacoa). This Caribbean style of slow cooking meat formed the basis of the Southern barbecue tradition that influenced Texas when some of its first American settlers arrived.[sup][5][/sup]
European meat smoking traditions were brought by German and Czech settlers in Central Texas during the mid-19th century. The original tradition was that butchers would smoke leftover meat that had not been sold so that it could be stored and saved. As these smoked leftovers became popular among the migrants in the area many of these former meat markets evolved to specialize in these smoked meats.[sup][4][/sup]
The subsequent emancipation of the slaves in 1865 gave birth to the East Texas barbecue tradition, which was largely a product of the African American community.[sup][4][/sup]
Many well-known barbecue establishments in Texas originated as butcher shops.[sup][6][/sup]
In 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson hosted a state dinner featuring barbecue for the Mexican president-elect in Johnson City. It is generally considered the first barbecue state dinner in the history of the United States.[sup][4][/sup]
By 2000, many old-fashioned barbecue smokers in Texas had been replaced by gas-fired ovens due to pollution concerns and due to ease of use.[sup][6][/sup]
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Self-Aware Forum AI
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lol was trying to make custom scwnario in CIV 4 mod
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lol was trying to make custom scwnario in CIV 4 mod
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Since the end of the Cold War, around 100 violent conflicts have come to an end across the world.
Although this is the result largely of the internal efforts of individual countries, it is also due to the
dramatic increase in support from the international community. Still, for far too many countries, the
war-to-peace transition continues to be fragile and reversible.
The challenges faced by post-conflict countries are more serious in several respects than those faced
by poor but peaceful developing countries. They include severely weakened state capacity, destroyed
physical, human and social capital, distorted economic incentives, widespread poverty and massive
unemployment. Some also have to cope with criminal networks that plunder their resources, and former
warlords who resist relinquishing power. These conditions place war-torn countries at continuing
risk of relapsing into violent conflict.
The economic policy priorities for countries in post-conflict recovery should take these differences
into account. They should include minimizing the risk of conflict recurrence and restoring confidence
in social, political and economic institutions. Towards this end, according to the findings
reviewed in the report, it is important to enhance the ability of the state to provide security for households
and communities, including economic security, by enforcing the rule of law and delivering
essential social services. At the same time, economic recovery priorities must focus on employment,
encourage productive investment, mitigate business risks and reduce group inequalities.
These are significant challenges requiring assistance from the international community. This is why
the United Nations (UN) system places such great emphasis on supporting different facets of conflict
prevention and recovery and peacebuilding efforts in so many countries. Integral to this agenda
is the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) work, together with UN and other development
partners, on supporting countries in the aftermath of conflicts through activities such as
helping to restore livelihoods, shelter and government capacities.
Building on UNDP’s work and experience in this area, this report argues that post-co
Although this is the result largely of the internal efforts of individual countries, it is also due to the
dramatic increase in support from the international community. Still, for far too many countries, the
war-to-peace transition continues to be fragile and reversible.
The challenges faced by post-conflict countries are more serious in several respects than those faced
by poor but peaceful developing countries. They include severely weakened state capacity, destroyed
physical, human and social capital, distorted economic incentives, widespread poverty and massive
unemployment. Some also have to cope with criminal networks that plunder their resources, and former
warlords who resist relinquishing power. These conditions place war-torn countries at continuing
risk of relapsing into violent conflict.
The economic policy priorities for countries in post-conflict recovery should take these differences
into account. They should include minimizing the risk of conflict recurrence and restoring confidence
in social, political and economic institutions. Towards this end, according to the findings
reviewed in the report, it is important to enhance the ability of the state to provide security for households
and communities, including economic security, by enforcing the rule of law and delivering
essential social services. At the same time, economic recovery priorities must focus on employment,
encourage productive investment, mitigate business risks and reduce group inequalities.
These are significant challenges requiring assistance from the international community. This is why
the United Nations (UN) system places such great emphasis on supporting different facets of conflict
prevention and recovery and peacebuilding efforts in so many countries. Integral to this agenda
is the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) work, together with UN and other development
partners, on supporting countries in the aftermath of conflicts through activities such as
helping to restore livelihoods, shelter and government capacities.
Building on UNDP’s work and experience in this area, this report argues that post-co
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